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Tuesday, June 4, 2013

The Process of Genetic Engineering


Institute for Respsonsible Technology

The most comprehensive source of GMO information on the web


The GE Process

 

Somatic embryos are embryos that originate in tissue culture in response to plant hormones added to the growth medium. Source: National Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Uganda

 

What is a GMO?


A GMO (genetically modified organism) is the result of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and artificially forced into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal. The foreign genes may come from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. Because this involves the transfer of genes, GMOs are also known as “transgenic” organisms.

This process may be called either Genetic Engineering (GE) or Genetic Modification (GM); they are one and the same.

What is a gene?


Every plant and animal is made of cells, each of which has a center called a nucleus. Inside every nucleus there are strings of DNA, half of which is normally inherited from the mother and half from the father. Short sequences of DNA are called genes. These genes operate in complex networks that are finely regulated to enable the processes of living organisms to happen in the right place and at the right time. 

How is genetic engineering done?


Because living organisms have natural barriers to protect themselves against the introduction of DNA from a different species, genetic engineers must force the DNA from one organism into another. Their methods include:
  • Using viruses or bacteria to "infect" animal or plant cells with the new DNA.
  • Coating DNA onto tiny metal pellets, and firing it with a special gun into the cells.
  • Injecting the new DNA into fertilized eggs with a very fine needle.
  • Using electric shocks to create holes in the membrane covering sperm, and then forcing the new DNA into the sperm through these holes.

Is genetic engineering precise?


The technology of genetic engineering is currently very crude. It is not possible to insert a new gene with any accuracy, and the transfer of new genes can disrupt the finely controlled network of DNA in an organism.

Current understanding of the way in which DNA works is extremely limited, and any change to the DNA of an organism at any point can have side effects that are impossible to predict or control. The new gene could, for example, alter chemical reactions within the cell or disturb cell functions. This could lead to instability, the creation of new toxins or allergens, and changes in nutritional value.

But haven't growers been grafting trees, breeding animals, and hybridizing seeds for years?


Genetic engineering is completely different from traditional breeding and carries unique risks.

In traditional breeding it is possible to mate a pig with another pig to get a new variety, but is not possible to mate a pig with a potato or a mouse. Even when species that may seem to be closely related do succeed in breeding, the offspring are usually infertile—a horse, for example, can mate with a donkey, but the offspring (a mule) is sterile.

With genetic engineering, scientists can breach species barriers set up by nature. For example, they have spliced fish genes into tomatoes. The results are plants (or animals) with traits that would be virtually impossible to obtain with natural processes, such as crossbreeding or grafting.

What combinations have been tried?


It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes taken from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. Scientists have worked on some interesting combinations:
  • Spider genes were inserted into goat DNA, in hopes that the goat milk would contain spider web protein for use in bulletproof vests.
  • Cow genes turned pigskins into cowhides.
  • Jellyfish genes lit up pigs' noses in the dark.
  • Artic fish genes gave tomatoes and strawberries tolerance to frost.
Field trials have included:
  • Corn engineered with human genes (Dow)
  • Sugarcane engineered with human genes (Hawaii Agriculture Research Center)
  • Corn engineered with jellyfish genes (Stanford University)
  • Tobacco engineered with lettuce genes (University of Hawaii)
  • Rice engineered with human genes (Applied Phytologics)
  • Corn engineered with hepatitis virus genes (Prodigene)
  • Potatoes that glowed in the dark when they needed watering.
  • Human genes were inserted into corn to produce spermicide.

Does the biotech industry hold any promise?


Genetic modification of plants is not the only biotechnology. The study of DNA does hold promise for many potential applications, including medicine. However, the current technology of GM foods is based on obsolete information and theory, and is prone to dangerous side effects. Economic interests have pushed it onto the market too soon.

Moreover, molecular marker technologies - so called Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) used with conventional breeding - show much promise for developing improved crop varieties, without the potentially dangerous side effects of direct genetic modification.


Frosted Flakes
Where are they?

In your food! First introduced into the food supply in the mid-1990s, GMOs are now present in the vast majority of processed foods in the US. While they are banned as food ingredients in Europe and elsewhere, the FDA does not even require the labeling of GMOs in food ingredient lists.
Although there have been attempts to increase nutritional benefits or productivity, the two main traits that have been added to date are herbicide tolerance and the ability of the plant to produce its own pesticide. These results have no health benefit, only economic benefit.


What foods are GM?

Currently commercialized GM crops in the U.S. include soy (94%), cotton (90%), canola (90%), sugar beets (95%), corn (88%), Hawaiian papaya (more than 50%), zucchini and yellow squash (over 24,000 acres).

Products derived from the above, including oils from all four, soy protein, soy lecithin, cornstarch, corn syrup and high fructose corn syrup among others. There are also many "invisible ingredients," derived from GM crops that are not obviously from corn or soy. Read more

Why should you care?

Rat IntestinesGenetically modified foods have been linked to toxic and allergic reactions, sick, sterile, and dead livestock, and damage to virtually every organ studied in lab animals. The effects on humans of consuming these new combinations of proteins produced in GMOs are unknown and have not been studied. See more under GMO Health Risks.

Crops such as Bt cotton produce pesticides inside the plant. This kills or deters insects, saving the farmer from having to spray pesticides. The plants themselves are toxic, and not just to insects. Farmers in India, who let their sheep graze on Bt cotton plants after the harvest, saw thousands of sheep die!
Herbicide tolerance lets the farmer spray weed-killer directly on the crop without killing it. Comparative studies on the toxic residues in foods from such crops have not yet been done.

Pollen from GM crops can contaminate nearby crops of the same type, except for soy, which does not cross-pollinate. In fact, virtually all heritage varieties of corn in Mexico (the origin of all corn) have been found to have some contamination. Canola and cotton also cross-pollinate. The long-term effects on the environment could be disastrous. See more under Environmental Dangers.


NEPAD logo







Process of Developing Genetically Modified (GM) Crops

Genetic modification refers to techniques used to manipulate the genetic composition of an organism by adding specific useful genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains information that determines a particular characteristic/trait. All organisms have DNA (genes). Genes are located in chromosomes. Genes are units of inheritance that are passed from one generation to the next and provide instructions for development and function of the organism. Crops that are developed through genetic modification are referred to as genetically modified (GM) crops, transgenic crops or genetically engineered (GE) crops.

The main steps involved in the development of GM crops are:
  1. Isolation of the gene(s) of interest: Existing knowledge about the structure, function or location on chromosomes is used to identify the gene(s) that is responsible for the desired trait in an organism, for example, drought tolerance or insect resistance.
  2. Insertion of the gene(s) into a transfer vector: The most commonly used gene transfer tool for plants is a circular molecule of DNA (plasmid) from the naturally occurring soil bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The gene(s) of interest is inserted into the plasmid using recombinant DNA (rDNA) techniques. For additional information see Plasmids link
  3. Plant transformation: The modified A. tumefaciens cells containing the plasmid with the new gene are mixed with plant cells or cut pieces of plants such as leaves or stems (explants). Some of the cells take up a piece of the plasmid known as the T-DNA (transferred-DNA). The A. tumefaciens inserts the desired genes into one of the plant’s chromosomes to form GM (or transgenic) cells. The other most commonly used method to transfer DNA is particle bombardment (gene gun) where small particles coated with DNA molecules are bombarded into the cell. For additional information see Plant Transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Plant Transformation using Particle Bombardment links.
  4. Selection of the modified plant cells: After transformation, various methods are used to differentiate between the modified plant cells and the great majority of cells that have not incorporated the desired genes. Most often, selectable marker genes that confer antibiotic or herbicide resistance are used to favor growth of the transformed cells relative to the non-transformed cells. For this method, genes responsible for resistance are inserted into the vector and transferred along with the gene(s) conferring desired traits to the plant cells. When the cells are exposed to the antibiotic or herbicide, only the transformed cells (containing and expressing the selectable marker gene) will survive. The transformed cells are then regenerated to form whole plants using tissue culture methods.
  5. Regeneration into whole plants via tissue culture involves placing the explants (plant parts/cells) onto media containing nutrients that induce development of the cells into various plant parts to form whole plantlets (Figure 1). Once the plantlets are rooted they are transferred to pots and kept under controlled environmental conditions.
  6. Verification of transformation and characterization of the inserted DNA fragment. Verification of plant transformation involves demonstrating that the gene has been inserted and is inherited normally. Tests are done to determine the number of copies inserted, whether the copies are intact, and whether the insertion does not interfere with other genes to cause unintended effects. Testing of gene expression (i.e., production of messenger RNA and/or protein, evaluation of the trait of interest) is done to make sure that the gene is functional.
  7. Testing of plant performance is generally carried out first in the greenhouse or screenhouse to determine whether the modified plant has the desired new trait and does not have any new unwanted characteristics. Those that perform well are planted into the field for further testing. In the field, the plants are first grown in confined field trials to test whether the technology works (if the plants express the desired traits) in the open environment. If the technology works then the plants are tested in multi-location field trials to establish whether the crop performs well in different environmental conditions. If the GM crop passes all the tests, it may then be considered for commercial production.
  8. Safety assessment. Food and environmental safety assessment are carried out in conjunction with testing of plant performance. Descriptions of safety testing are described in the Food Safety Assessment and Environmental Safety Assessment links.
Further Reading
Figure 1: Regeneration of transgenic banana using tissue culture method


Somatic embryos are embryos that originate in tissue culture in response to plant hormones added to the growth medium. Source: National agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Uganda

Copyright © 2010 · African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE) All Rights Reserved · Site Map · Privacy Policy. Webmail

Ben & Jerry's Will Stop Using Genetically-Modified Ingredients, Company Says



business



Ben & Jerry's Will Stop Using Genetically-Modified Ingredients, Company Says

The Huffington Post  |  By

Posted:   |  Updated: 06/03/2013 3:02 pm EDT














Ben And Jerrys Gmos






Ben and Jerry's said it will be completely GMO-free by 2015. In this undated photo released by Ben & Jerry's, a pint of "Apple-y Ever After" ice cream is seen. The company has renamed its' apple-pie-flavored ice cream sold in Britain in support of proposed legislation in favor of same sex marriage.

Ben & Jerry's is removing a controversial ingredient from its ice cream: Genetically-modified organisms.

As of now, only 80% of Ben & Jerry's ingredients are sourced non-GMO, according to the ice cream maker. But by the end of the year, the company aims to completely phase out genetically modified products from its ice cream.

The Vermont-based ice cream maker said on its website that the undertaking will be "complex" because a single flavor can contain up to 40 ingredients. As a result, the conversion process may continue into 2014.

Genetically modified foods, which are engineered to resist insecticides and herbicides, have been a source of controversy in the U.S. and abroad.

Supporters say the plants boost crop yields, increasing the global food supply, while critics argue the chemicals can be harmful to the environment and lead to serious health problems. Protesters in cities across the country took to the streets last week to demonstrate against Monsanto, the company most synonymous with GMOs.

Ben & Jerry's announcement comes less than a year after California residents voted down Proposition 37, a California ballot initiative that would have required genetically-modified food to be labeled as such. Ben & Jerry's parent company, Unilever donated almost half a million dollars to defeat the measure, according to Underground Health.

In total, companies like Monsanto and The Hershey Co. gave a combined $44 million to defeat the ballot initiative.

But the GMO controversy rages on. The European Union recommended all of its members check certain U.S. wheat shipments after the U.S. Department of Agriculture said it had found an unapproved genetically-modified grain on a farm in Oregon.

The discovery of the engineered Oregon wheat, which had been developed by Monsanto, led South Korea and Japan to suspend wheat imports.

Monsanto Still Testing Genetically Modified Wheat in Two States





Monsanto Still Testing Genetically Modified Wheat in Two States

 

While last week's announcement of rogue GM wheat in Oregon was framed as an anomoly, Monsanto has current field testing of GM wheat in two states

- Andrea Germanos, staff writer 
 

(Photo: luke chan/cc/flickr)

The news of Monsanto's genetically modified (GM) wheat that turned up on an Oregon farm has brought repeated assurances that trials of this GM wheat stopped years ago.

But while the particular strain of its GM glyphosate-resistant wheat MON 71800 stopped, Monsanto resumed trials of other GM wheat in 2011, according to Bloomberg, which cites information posted in a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) database.

Bloomberg reported that the corporate agriculture giant planted 150 acres of GM wheat in Hawaii last year and 300 acres of GM (also known as genetically engineered or GE) wheat in North Dakota this year. Monsanto did not disclose the specific herbicides these trial wheat crops are bred to tolerate, Bloomberg added.

These new GM trials, the seed giant told Bloomberg, are "an entirely different event" from the Monsanto wheat found on the Oregon farm.

In a statement last week, the company wrote, "Monsanto’s process for closing out the Roundup [glyphosate] Ready wheat program was rigorous, well-documented and audited."

A FAQ sheet from the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), which regulates genetically modified organisms, also emphasizes the completion of "glyphosate-resistant wheat" field testing. It states, "There are no APHIS-authorized glyphosate-resistant GE wheat field trials being conducted in Oregon or any neighboring states at this time."

"APHIS authorized over 100 field tests with this specific glyphosate-resistant wheat variety in years spanning from 1998 through 2005. Field tests were conducted in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, and Wyoming," it continues.

This particular document does not mention field testing of other kinds of GE wheat taking place, which, according to Bloomberg's reporting, are in fact underway, though this other wheat may be genenetically engineered to be resistant to an herbicide other than glyphosate.

APHIS stated that "there are no GE wheat varieties approved for sale or in commercial production in the United States or elsewhere at this time."
The discovery of the rogue wheat in Oregon has already caused international backlash, with Japan suspending some imports of US wheat, South Korea testing all of its US wheat imports, and the EU urging its members to test some of its US wheat imports.

And on Monday, a wheat farmer in Kansas filed suit against Monsanto, charging that he and other U.S. wheat farmers have been adversely affected by the resulting actions following the rogue wheat in Oregon. The petition states that the "plaintiff has been harmed by any and all Monsanto GE wheat because it has impacted wheat exports and the price of wheat."
________________________________

Worldwide Movement Against Monsanto Gaining Steam





Activism  



 

Monsanto’s stocks have fallen following its GMO wheat debacle and the global March Against Monsanto.

 
 
 
Photo Credit: Jesse Clark
 

“OMG, GMO, WTF?” Nine letters printed on a protester's T-shirt summed up the frustration of the thousands who gathered in San Francisco's Justin Herman Plaza for the culmination of the local March Against Monsanto action on May 25. San Francisco’s protesters joined more than two million people in 400 cities around the world in a backlash against the $58 billion multinational corporate giant Monsanto, responsible for chemical poisoning, genetically engineered seeds, and a multitude of offenses since its founding as a chemical company 100 years ago.

Pamm Larry—the self-proclaimed Grandma behind Calif.’s Mandatory Labeling of Genetically Engineered Food Initiative (Prop. 37)—spoke to the crowd about ongoing efforts to follow the momentum of the global march.

“It’s the little tiny things that add up, which have made this movement explode around the world and the country, and I’m so excited to see that it’s moms and dads and grandmas and grandpas getting out there,” she told the crowd via megaphone, noting that a mother started the March Against Monsanto (MAM) effort via a Facebook page. “I’m gonna ask you all not to let this energy die, please.”

While Prop. 37 failed to pass a vote in 2012, Larry and other organizers are pushing for another labeling initiative on the 2014 ballot.

“It takes a willingness to stand, to talk to people not like us, and meet them not with anger but with love—and to meet them with an open heart, because an open heart is what draws people in and they can’t help but want to join us and listen to us,” she continued. “Everybody eats, everybody breathes, everybody wants to breathe good fresh wonderful juicy clean air. We cannot allow them to take over our planet while we sit by and decide to go out and have another beer.”

Monica Lopez, who works with a grassroots organization called Label GMO in San Francisco and helped organize the city's MAM rally, says the anti-GMO movement is in defense of a fundamental tenant of democracy.

"I believe that many have not yet understood the association between democracy and the situation we find our food system today," she says. "Real food is not a privilege for the elite but rather a fundamental right for every human being. Yet our grocery stores are filled with toxin-ridden foods that could not even enter 60 other nations in the world. Is this really how we want to nourish the American population?"

While March Against Monsanto was among the largest global efforts in history with 400 simultaneous events in 60 countries around the globe, no major corporate media outlets in the US covered the live event. CNN ran a followup short on the event on May 28, and mainstream coverage has trickled in here and there, but has been sparse.

Despite the mainstream media’s decision to ignore thousands of people marching down the nation’s busiest thoroughfares, the movement to end Monsanto’s toxic hold over agriculture is gaining more participants everyday.
Reports across some of the major media outlets like theWashington Postrevealed Monsanto’s most recent crime when a farmer in Oregon discovered that unapproved GMO wheat was growing in his field. After testing, scientists confirmed the wheat was of a strain tested by Monsanto that was not approved due to concern that other countries would not import the GM wheat.
The Washington Post reports:
Japan, the largest market for U.S. wheat exports, suspended imports from the United States and canceled a major purchase of white wheat on Thursday after the recent discovery of unapproved genetically modified wheat in an 80-acre field in Oregon.
Investors drove down the price of Monsanto shares by 4 percent on May 31 as South Korea joined Japan in suspending imports of U.S. wheat after an unapproved strain of genetically modified wheat was discovered in a field in eastern Oregon.
Among the many concerns the March raises about Monsanto is the pervasiveness with which Monsanto products appear in foods we eat, according to a column on the Huffington Post.

While the March Against Monsanto and followup efforts are primarily focused on exposing the dangers of GMO food products and Monsanto’s toxic chemical history, some have also used the protest as an opportunity to expose the ties between corporations like Monsanto and the government. Perhaps the most glaring example of Monsanto’s hold on government is the fact that the US Food and Drug Administration, the government agency charged with protecting people against potentially dangerous products that corporations might produce, is run by ex-Monsanto executives. However, the GMO industry’s influences on the US government are more insidious still.

According to an analysis by the nonprofit, nonpartisan research group MapLight, dedicated to revealing money’s influence on politics, members of the US senate received $1,260,384 in campaign contributions from the PACs of key companies supporting the use of genetically engineered crops from January 2009 to March 2013.

Additionally, on May 23—just two days before the March Against Monsanto—the Senate defeated an amendment by Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont that sought to ensure states’ rights to enforce their own laws labeling GMO foods, by a vote of 27-71.

The New York Daily News reports that Sanders' primary goal was to protect states that want to label GMOs from facing lawsuits:
If the state of Vermont wants to go forward, I don't want to see us sued in a multimillion-dollar suit by a very powerful, wealthy corporation who says, well, you don't have the right to do it, it is a federal prerogative.
Monsanto has responded to calls for labeling with claims that it would be unfair and harm its business:
We oppose current initiatives to mandate labeling of ingredients developed from GM seeds in the absence of any demonstrated risks. Such mandatory labeling could imply that food products containing these ingredients are somehow inferior to their conventional or organic counterparts.
Following the March Against Monsanto, the Daily Kos and Credo launched a petition to demand the US Senate repeal the law that has been dubbed the Monsanto Protection Act. The petition has gathered more than a million signatures and counting.

The Monsanto Protection Act came to be when President Obama signed spending bill HR 933 into law in March, a bill primarily concerned with the threat of government shutdown. With HR 933 the president also signed in a piece of fine print located under Section 735, called the Farmer Assurance Provision. The provision bars federal courts from halting the sale or planting of GMO seeds.

Food Democracy Now's executive director Dave Murphy told MSN the provision is “basically an ATM machine [and a] corporate handout to Monsanto." Murphy adds that every farmer and consumer is at risk.

The provision allows Monsanto to continue using GE seeds in farms across America and was written in collaboration with some of Monsanto’s representatives. It allows Monsanto and other large corporations to ignore existing food safety rules, and continue selling genetically modified seeds even if a court blocks them from doing so.

The March Against Monsanto has spurred additional efforts, including a July 4 Moms Across America March on main streets throughout the US to label GMOs. The upcoming march is organized by Occupy Monsanto, whose stated mission is “empowering citizens of the world to take action against Monsanto and its enablers like the FDA, USDA, EPA, GMA, BIO, and the processed food companies that use Monsanto's products.”

Following the march, more than 800 scientists from around the world have called for an end to what they call a dangerous “global GMO experiment,” and created the Institute of Science in Society—a non-profit group that calls for an end to GMO crops. In their open letter, the scientists highlight why governments need to stop the use of genetically modified crops before they cause irreversible effects to human and animal health worldwide.

Additionally in the week following the March Against Monsanto a printable list of Monsanto-owned foods has gone viral on Facebook, encouraging a boycott of its products.

Label GMO's Monica Lopez says the best things people can do is to support their local organic farmers, read labels, and align their actions with their individual ethics by purchasing only certified organic or non-GMO certified foods. She also suggests supporting restaurants and food companies that exercise fair, sustainable and organic food practices, boycotting GMO products, signing petitions in support of food system restoration.

"Get involved with local food justice groups," she says. "Call and/or write your local political leaders and let them know you care about our food system and the long-term health of our children for generations to come."

Only time will tell whether the outpouring of citizen support and millions of petition signatures can compete against the corporate giant, but it is likely no coincidence that Monsanto’s stocks have steadily fallen following the global march and this week’s widely publicized GMO wheat debacle.
April M. Short is a Bay Area journalist focusing on social justice reporting.

Kansas farmer sues over GMO wheat discovery

CBS Money Watch




AP/ June 4, 2013, 2:49 PM

Kansas farmer sues over GMO wheat discovery

 

Activists protest against agricultural biotech company Monsanto outside the White House
Activists protest against agricultural biotech company Monsanto outside the White House / Win McNamee/Getty Images, file



WICHITA, Kan. A Kansas farmer has sued seed giant Monsanto over last week's discovery of genetically engineered experimental wheat in an 80-acre field in Oregon, claiming the company's gross negligence hurt U.S. growers by driving down wheat prices and causing some international markets to suspend certain imports.

The federal civil lawsuit, filed Monday by Ernest Barnes, who farms 1,000 acres near Elkhart in southwest Kansas, seeks unspecified damages to be determined at trial.

U.S. Agriculture Department officials said last Wednesday that the modified wheat was the same strain as one designed by Monsanto to be herbicide-resistant that was tested in Oregon and several other states through 2005 but never approved. The USDA has said the Oregon wheat is safe to eat and there is no evidence that modified wheat entered the marketplace.

It's believed to be the first lawsuit stemming from the discovery. Similar lawsuits are in the works, Barnes' attorney said, and the cases will likely be consolidated for the purposes of discovery, a process where evidence is investigated and shared among parties.

No genetically engineered wheat has been approved for U.S. farming. Many countries will not accept imports of genetically modified foods, and the United States exports about half of its wheat crop. Since the announcement, Japan one of the largest export markets for U.S. wheat growers suspended some imports. South Korea said it would increase its inspections of U.S. wheat imports.
Barnes referred all calls to his attorneys. One of them, Warren Burns, said that the scope of the damage is potentially in the hundreds of millions of dollars. He said the lawsuit seeks to make sure their client is compensated for his losses.
"These types of suits serve the purpose of helping police the agricultural system we have in place and make sure farmers are protected," Burns said in a phone interview Tuesday from Dallas.

In a written statement Tuesday, St. Louis-based Monsanto said the report of a few volunteer plants in one Oregon field is the ostensible basis for the lawsuit.
"Tractor-chasing lawyers have prematurely filed suit without any evidence of fault and in advance of the crop's harvest,'' said David Snively, Monsanto executive vice president and general counsel.

The company said its process for closing out its original wheat development program was rigorous, government-directed, well documented and audited. It noted wheat seed, on average, is viable for only one or two years in the soil.
Monsanto also contended that, given the care undertaken to prevent contamination, no legal liability exists and it will present a vigorous defense.
The modified wheat was discovered when field workers at an eastern Oregon wheat farm were clearing acres and came across a patch of wheat that didn't belong. The workers sprayed it, but the wheat wouldn't die. It was then sent to a university lab in early May.

Tests at Oregon State University confirmed that the plants were a strain developed by Monsanto to resist its Roundup Ready herbicides that were tested between 1998 and 2005. At the time, Monsanto had applied to the USDA for permission to develop the engineered wheat, but the company later withdrew that.

The Agriculture Department has said that, during that seven-year period, it authorized more than 100 field tests for the herbicide-resistant seed. Tests were conducted in in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington and Wyoming.

Burns said the case "looks and smells" like the litigation that arose from the contamination of the U.S. rice crop from genetically modified rice. Bayer CropScience, a German conglomerate, announced in 2011 that it would pay up to $750 million to settle claims, including those from farmers who say they had to plant different crops and made less money from them.

Burns anticipated Barnes' lawsuit would remain in U.S. District Court in Kansas because "a tremendous amount of harm has fallen on Kansas and Kansas farms." It has been assigned to U.S. District Judge Monti Belot in Wichita.
Burns said lawyers see a challenge that affects farmers' ability to make a living and may deny them both the markets and the ability to sell their wheat.

"We view it as very important to maintaining farmers and maintaining the way of life they lead, which is very important not only to this country but countries around the world to which we export," he said. "It is hard to underestimate the importance of the American wheat crop in sustaining people around the globe."
© 2013 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.

Monsanto modified wheat mystery deepens in Oregon





Environment



Home |Environment | News 
 

Monsanto modified wheat mystery deepens in Oregon

 

 22:28 03 June 2013

 

by Andy Coghlan

 <i>(Image: Bill Stormont/Corbis)</i>

Investigations continued this week into how unauthorized genetically modified wheat ended up on a farm in Oregon.

No varieties of GM wheat have been cleared for commercial use anywhere in the world. The wheat plants in question are believed to be the legacy of a research programme that was abandoned nine years ago. How and why they have resurfaced is unclear.

The discovery last week triggered an international reaction, with both South Korea and Japan temporarily suspending imports of US wheat. South Korea has also begun testing existing wheat imports from the US for signs of GM wheat, with no positive results so far.

The GM wheat was developed by Monsanto, an agricultural biotech giant based in St Louis, Missouri. Like many of Monsanto's plants, the wheat was developed to be resistant to the company's broad-spectrum weed-killer glyphosate, marketed as Roundup. The wheat was cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2004 as safe for human consumption, but Monsanto abandoned commercial development the same year, citing a drop in demand.

Asian angle

Representatives of Europe's wheat industry doubted that the GM wheat identified in Oregon would cause any problems in Europe. Alex Wall, director of the National Association of British and Irish Millers told New Scientist that the type of white wheat in question is seldom – if ever – imported into Europe. None was imported last year or in 2011, for example.

"It's better for noodles rather than bread, and is more likely to be exported to Asia from the [US] West coast because of its origin in Oregon," says Wall.

Investigations by the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service have been under way since 29 May. APHIS was alerted by an Oregon farmer who found that the wheat plants survived after he tried to clear his field using Roundup.

Monsanto mystified

Monsanto says it is mystified by the appearance of the wheat. As part of its programme to develop the GM wheat, it had tested the GM varieties between 1998 and 2004 in 17 US states, including Oregon. But it destroyed all tested material after abandoning the programme in 2004 so, in theory, none should be left.

In a statement issued on Friday, Monsanto said that the farm in question was not part of its original testing programme. "The company's internal assessments suggest that neither seed left in the soil nor wheat pollen flow serve as reasonable explanations behind this reported detection."

The company adds that wheat seed seldom survives more than two years in soil, and that 99 per cent of wheat pollen gets deposited within 10 metres.
Monsanto does not believe any of the wheat has entered the commercial wheat supply chain. It says that the suspect samples all came from a single, small farm. "This report is unusual since our programme was discontinued nine years ago, and this is the only report after more than 500 million acres (200 million hectares) of wheat have been grown," the company's statement read.

Monsanto Mystery Wheat Appears in Oregon, No One Knows Why




News & Politics  


How did genetically modified wheat wind up in Oregon?

 
 
 
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How did genetically modified wheat produced by the agricultural corporation Monsanto end up in Oregon? That’s the question many people want answered after the discovery of the wheat by a farmer in Oregon, according to a report in the New Scientist.

Genetically modified wheat has not been cleared for commercial use anywhere in the world, though the Federal Drug Administration approved it as safe for human consumption in 2004. It was never put on the market in the U.S., though, since Monsanto dropped it after citing a lack of demand. The Associated Press reported that the wheat was also not developed because "wheat growers did not want to risk retaliation from their biggest export markets."

Now, the question is how that wheat ended up in Oregon. Raw Story notes that the farmer who found the wheat discovered it after trying to clear the field it was growing in. The wheat didn’t die, though, even after the farmer used the Monsanto-produced herbicide called Roundup.

Monsanto says it is working with the FDA to discover how the crop, known as Roundup Ready wheat, wound up in Oregon. Production of the wheat occurred in 17 states, including Oregon, but not at the farm where it was discovered, according to Raw Story.

The discovery of the genetically-modified wheat has had international implications. South Korea and Japan temporarily suspended imports of U.S. wheat in response to the news. Monsanto says it doesn’t think the wheat entered into the commercial supply strain, the New Scientist reports.

Alex Kane is AlterNet's New York-based World editor, and an assistant editor for Mondoweiss. Follow him on Twitter @alexbkane.